Which historical incidents are commemorated in the opening lines of the Marine's Hymn?

The opening lines of the Marine's Hymn reference the Halls of Montezuma and the Shores of Tripoli, which commemorate significant battles in Marine Corps history. The Halls of Montezuma refer to the Battle of Chapultepec during the Mexican-American War in 1847, where Marines fought bravely to capture the key fort of Chapultepec. This battle is an iconic part of U.S. military history and represents the valor and sacrifice of Marines.

The Shores of Tripoli allude to the First Barbary War (1801-1805), specifically the battles against the Barbary pirates off the coast of Tripoli in present-day Libya. This conflict established the U.S. Navy and Marines as a capable force able to defend American interests against foreign threats, marking a key moment in establishing the United States' naval power.

Together, these lines symbolize the long-standing legacy and heroic actions of the Marine Corps, reflecting their commitment to readiness and service in various conflicts throughout history. The other historical incidents listed do not hold the same direct connection to the Marine Corps tradition and heritage as the battles mentioned in the correct answer.